Jangjawokan sebagai Sastra Lisan Sunda: Bentuk, Fungsi, dan Tantangan Pelestarian

Annisya Disa Astrina, Ute Lies Siti Khadijah, Edwin Rizal

Abstract

Jangjawokan is an oral literature that is still alive in the community. However, its existence is currently facing serious challenges from both internal and external factors. Although a number of studies have discussed jangjawokan as a cultural practice or ritual function, studies that comprehensively integrate aspects of linguistic form, social function, and preservation challenges are still limited. This study aims to describe the form, function, and challenges of preserving jangjawokan in Pasirbiru Village. This study uses a qualitative-descriptive method with an ethnolinguistic approach. In-depth interviews with informants and literature studies were the data collection techniques chosen. The results of the study show that jangjawokan can be considered oral literature because it has an unstandardized structure, word repetition, and word flexibility that is adapted to the expected benefits. The function of jangjawokan in community life is as a ritual language used in the context of daily activities, medicine, and traditional ceremonies that reflect the Sundanese community's way of life. However, the preservation of jangjawokan faces serious challenges, starting from its limited inheritance, dependence on the memories of elders, and declining interest and dominance of formal prayers among the younger generation, which could potentially lead to its disappearance. Therefore, it is important to carry out systematic inventorying (documentation, determination, data updating) as part of the preservation of jangjawokan, which is an intangible cultural heritage.

 

Abstrak

Jangjawokan merupakan sastra lisan yang masih hidup dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Akan tetapi, keberadaannya saat ini mengalami tantangan serius baik dari faktor internal maupun eksternal. Meskipun sejumlah penelitian telah mengkaji jangjawokan sebagai praktik buday atau fungsi ritual, kajian yang menghubungkan aspek linguistik, fungsi sosial, dan tantangan pelestariannya secara komprehensif masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk, fungsi, dan tantangan pelestarian jangjawokan di Desa Pasirbiru. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif-deskriptif dengan pendekatan etnolinguistik. Wawancara mendalam dengan informan dan studi pustaka menjadi teknik pengumpulan data yang dipilih. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan jangjawokan dapat dikatakan sebagai sastra lisan karena memiliki struktur yang tidak baku, adanya repetisi kata, serta terdapat modifikasi makna yang disesuaikan dengan manfaat yang diharapkan. Fungsi jangjawokan di kehidupan masyarakat sebagai bahasa ritual yang digunakan dalam konteks aktivitas sehari-hari, pengobatan, dan upacara adat yang merefleksikan cara pandang hidup masyarakat Sunda. Namun, pelestarian jangjawokan mengalami tantangan yang serius dimulai dari pewarisannya yang terbatas, bergantung pada ingatan sepuh, serta penurunan minat dan dominasi doa-doa formal dalam generasi muda sehingga berpotensi hilang. Oleh karena itu, penting dilakukannya inventarisasi (dokumentasi, penetapan, pemutakhiran data) secara sistematis sebagai bagian pelestarian jangjawokan yang merupakan warisan budaya takbenda.

Keywords

jangjawokan; oral literature; ethnolinguistics; Sundaese culture; culture preservation

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